Landlord and Tenant Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Landlord and Tenant Law - Essay Example In the beginning, Able began extensive work on the unit. But the directors of Able soon discovered that the turnover from trading was not going to be as profitable as they had hoped. Hence, the extensive work to the roof was never completed. Although watertight, the roof is unsightly and not up to modern standards. In 2002, Able discovered that the concrete used to form the basis of the floor of the unit was not of the correct type. As a result, the surface had become crumbly and difficult to walk on. The only way to solve this problem would be to excavate the floor and lay a new one at a cost of GBP 250,000. Instead of undertaking any work, when the problem first became acute, Able laid metal sheeting on the floor as a temporary measure. The extractor fans fixed to the walls of the unit have ceased to function and when Able obtained quotes for installing new ones, they discovered that the original manufacture had gone into liquidation and new ones would have to be sourced from a different supplier. The new fans would be larger and require extensive installation work estimated at GBP 20,000. A director of Able has discovered second-hand fans which could be installed at a fraction of this cost. But these are older models than those currently installed and only work at half efficiency. Recently, surveyors instructed by the landlord have inspected the unit. On the basis of their calculations, the landlord claims that the cost to Able of complying fully with the covenant at the end of the term will be GBP 360,000. This includes completion of the work on the roof, laying a new floor, installing new fans as opposed to second-hand ones, and carrying out other miscellaneous works. The directors of Able are furious, especially since they have discovered that the landlord has submitted a planning application to the local planning authority under which the present unit would be demolished. The Questions The rent details, that is the amount of rent payable, and if any deposit had been paid to the landlord, are not provided. Details regarding the manner in which the lease agreement was made are also not provided. Was the agreement made through lawyers Were lawyers engaged by the landlord when the agreement was made Did Able engage lawyers to make the agreement It is important to know the answers to these questions in order to pinpoint the correct answers. It is possible to surmise the consequences in the absence of these answers. The information pertaining to the circumstances that have led Able to seek legal position are there. On the basis of these information provided the solutions to the issues raised will be given. The Cost of Repairs It appears that the premise is not suitable place to work. The premise needs long-term repairs and fixtures for long-term, problem-free use. Nevertheless, Able has gone ahead and made an agreement with the landlord for use of the premise for 15 years. The place was thriving at that time. Therefore, the directors of Able might have felt compelled to take the place on long-term rental basis, even willing to go along with

Education Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education Law - Case Study Example The essential method of compliance with Guckenberger III is to balance the interests of the university with the interests of the handicapped student. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") strictly prohibits universities from discriminating against qualified students with disabilities. In relevant part for this analysis, Section 504 mandates that "no otherwise qualified individual with a disability . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefit of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." 29 U.S.C. 794(a). Titles II and III of the ADA make similar provisions for public services and public accommodations which public universities are required to follow. 42 U.S.C. 12132 and 12182(a). The ADA defines discrimination to include "a failure to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices or procedures, wh en such modifications are necessary to afford . . . services . . . to individuals with disabilities unless the entity can demonstrate that making such modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the . . . services." 42 U.S.C. 12182(b)(2)(A)(ii). Universities are obligated to provide reasonable accommodations. In deciding to maintain the integrity of university curriculum and apply it evenly throughout, a balancing test is required. Clearly starting point for examining whether a course substitution or alteration is a reasonable academic adjustment starts with the Supreme Court's pronounced interpretation that "Section 504 imposes no requirement upon an educational institution to lower or to effect substantial modifications of standards to accommodate a handicapped person." Southeastern Community College v. Davis, 442 U.S. 397, 413 (1979). The Southeastern court found that there is a line between alteration and accommodation. It found that being excused from taking the clini cal part of the nursing program was an unacceptable accommodation and that Southeastern did not have to make that accommodation to a hearing impaired individual. It is against this backdrop that all colleges and universities should base their own academic policies in regards to accommodation but the decision should be made by an knowledgeable committee. 2. After reviewing the court's opinion in Guckenberger II, how would you advise the head of the office of disability services with respect to balancing the institution's concern for upholding academic standards with the requirements of the ADA and Section 504 The head of of the office of disability services would be advised by legal counsel that the university is required to make modifications only to "known" and validated disabilities. Thus, the university should require that it be put on reasonable notice of the request for modification (34 CFR 104.44) (Attorney, 2009). The request for modification should be submitted in writing to the Office of Disability Support Services. From there the university should make efforts to accommodate reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures when the modifications are necessary. Modifications are deemed necessary when and if they "ensure that no

Violation Early Childhood Code of Ethics Research Paper

Violation Early Childhood Code of Ethics - Research Paper Example Secondly, it also discusses some of the appropriate ways that could be taken to avoid such a violation. One of the most challenging ethical issues while dealing with children is food. Ms. Devan, an early childhood development teacher was implicated in an ethical case whereby the parents argued that she went beyond her ethical boundaries by allowing children to used food as playing tools. Precisely, Ms. Devan was using pudding as finger paint while teaching children how to paint. According to her, they preferred using edible pudding as finger paint since they discovered that the children were putting it on their mouth. Although there are ethical codes demanding that the health of the children should be given the first priority, she preferred using food pudding since it was safer than finger paint (Swim & Freeman, 2008). Although her actions were well intentioned, so many ethical questions are raised from such an action. For instance, the children developed a habit of licking the puddi ng paint directly from the table. This is certainly not hygienic. However, it is better compared to swallowing the regular finger paint that is sold commercially. The ethical case came into the limelight when one of the child’s mothers scolded her child for licking sandwich jelly that had spilled on the table at home. When she asked the child, the child affirmed that their teacher let them do it at school. Certainly, the child had learned a different thing from what was initially intended. The parent was worried that the teacher was not exercising the children code of ethics. The teacher also failed to realize that children could have learned that playing materials are good for consumption. This is certainly a violation of early childhood code of ethics, which demands that children be taught the right code of behavior especially during this important stage of cognitive development. Actually, the parent was even more worried that the teacher was wasting food while there were t housands of other children all over the world dying of hunger. Some of the ethical concerns raised from the situation demand a critical thought and consideration. Was the teacher acting safe by allowing children to play with food? Was it safe for the children after all? Did the teacher think about other lessons learned in the process? So many questions of ethical concern can be raised from this case. Undeniably, there is no clear cut difference between what should be done or what should not be done. This is even made more complicated because of the differences in ethical values between different stakeholders. Early childhood codes of ethics may not suffice enough to handle such ethically complicated issues. According to National Association for the Education of Young Children, it is necessary â€Å"To create and maintain safe and healthy settings that foster children’s social, emotional, intellectual, and physical development and that respect their dignity and their contribu tions† (2012). It is evident from the ethical principle that the teacher failed to maintain healthy settings, failed to consider the overall social development of the children’s behavior, as well as intellectual development. Needless to say, there are several measures that can be taken to avoid similar ethical violations. Firstly, the teachers need to expand their knowledge on childhood cognitive development. This would enable the teacher to make better decisions when choosing

The Characters of Chandlers The Big Sleep :: sleep

The Characters of Chandler's The Big Sleep    The differences between the characters in Hawks' adaptation of Chandler's The Big Sleep and the novel are obvious to someone who has noticed the details on both. Of course there are positive and negative aspects to such choices which Hawks makes in his film and those decisions which Hawks made from novel to movie should be examined and questioned whether they helped or hindered the production of The Big Sleep. One of the major differences, and I would argue a drawback, in the film version is the representation of the characters and the predictable ending. Looking specifically at Marlowe and Mrs. Regan, it is easy to see that Hawks changed some things about their characters simply because of the high profile actors: Bogart and Bacall. Such a change in the characters was most likely a decision made by Hawks in order to make the novel more believable or exciting to the audience, perhaps assuming the majority of the viewers may not have read the novel. The end of the movie w as completely predictable and I think Hawks took the easy way out when making his decision to end with Marlowe and Regan ending up in love. The changes Hawks made in the characters as well as the end are ones that I assume Hawks made on the basis of what he thought would produce the best film. I can respect Hawks' goal, but I think anyone who has read the novel would agree that the novel is the better version between the two.    Starting with the character of Marlowe, the differences in his character are major ones. In the novel Marlowe is somewhat of a loner- a characteristic that I found intriguing. It is made clear that Marlowe knows this about himself and even revels in this aspect of his personality. He likes to ponder things alone and does not even long for company. Throughout the novel, there are several instances where Marlowe is put in social situations and is always strictly business. Marlowe has drinks with Mr. Geiger while doing business, but does not elaborate on conversation with him. Marlowe is very subdued and laid back in his manner; when he is done talking business with Mr.

Unit 18 Babies Development

E1-Summarise the factors which may influence the health and -development of babies in the first year of their lives There are many factors that affect health and development such as environmental factors, for example, a lack of space in the garden or outside play area will limit their gross motor and fine motor skills. â€Å"Generally, people with a high level of earnings enjoy a better lifestyle, with better housing, better food, warm clothes and own transport. † Meggit 2001 page 9 Genetics are also a major factor which may influence the health and development of the baby as some illnesses are inherited through genes.For example babies with Down's syndrome suffer due to a chromosomal abnormality which lead to problems such as heart defects and chest infections. Illness's in general can cause detrimental damage to a babies development, for example a baby may have asthma which is long term and is potentially life threatening in circumstances other illness's like meningitis can lead to many extreme conditions. The babies weight and height may be below average if they have not been developing correctly due to illness.Antenatal factors are also important to the baby such as certain foods like Camembert cheese can severely harm the baby, other illnesses like rubella can be detrimental to the unborn child’s health in the first 12-16 weeks as it can cause a miscarriage, still birth and defects such as brain damage, hearing loss and cataracts. Narcotics and alcohol can damage the child’s development during pregnancy, When the baby is being delivered, there may be complications which can affect the baby's health such as lack of oxygen, birth asphyxia, can be caused by the umbilical cord becoming entangled.Asphyxia can cause the baby permanent brain damage. E2-Describe how indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe, reassuring and stimulating By keeping to the adult to child ratio (1:3) and constantly supervising them, both indoor and outdoor e nvironments can be safe for babies. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is something that practitioners must be aware of when babies are sleeping and should check on the babies every 5 minutes while under supervision. To reduce SIDS babies should be placed at the bottom of the cot with a maximum of two blankets. Risk assessments should also be made for both inside and outside play. â€Å"It is important that the environment children are playing in is regularly checked, before and during activities. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 193 Practitioners must make sure they follow the correct policies and procedures and make sure all gates are locked to keep the children safe from possible threats. The indoor environment can be reassuring by having a key person in which the baby will form a bond with.The key person can ensure that the baby will have a routine that tailors for the individual needs by working with the parents. The baby can also be reassured with a comforter, a much loved object fr om home, being brought into the setting to help them feel more ‘at home' and settled. The environments can be made stimulating by having a range of activities to promote different areas of development, for example, a treasure basket which will contain different natural items inside to promote the use of senses.Visual displays and posters can be put low down so that babies can look and investigate them. Whilst outside the practitioner can take the babies out on walks to see nature or just a stroll around the town, in my current setting we take the babies on walks as our environment is quite colourful. A trip to the park is also good as it provides opportunities for those who walk early to be able to run and explore. E3-Describe the expected stage of development of babies at 7 months and how they can be expected to develop in the next 2 months of life.I have chosen 7 months as this is a busy time in development for babies, for example this is when a baby may be able to sit unaid ed for a short period of time whereas at 9 months the baby could sit unsupported for 10 minutes as their gross motor skills has developed more which has improve their balance. At 7 months the baby will have recently mastered how to swap objects in their hands â€Å"can move a toy from one hand to another. † Tassoni. P 2007 page40. whereas at 9 months the baby will bee attempting to use the pincer grip. as their fine motor skills have progressed as the child â€Å"can deliberately release objects by dropping them. Tassoni wt al 2007 page41. At 7 months babies pay attention to objects within their visual field, this progresses at 9 months to watching an object fall, for example building blocks, this is known as object permanence and is a result of their intellectual development. Language development is also improved drastically within this range: from babbling in tune at 7 months to repetition and imitation at 9 months. â€Å"babbles and starts to understand words such as â⠂¬Ëœbye-bye' and ‘no'. † Tassoni et al page 570. E4 -Explain how 2 different play activities/experiences can support the overall development of the baby described in E3.An activity which supports overall development of a 7 month old is musical instruments is the use of musical instruments, for example a drum, xylophone, rattle or bells. the babies sensory skills as a whole will be used and further developed from physically shaking the rattle, hearing the sound and seeing the colours of the instrument. The fine motor skills will also develop in different ways depending on the instrument, for example beating the drum or shaking the rattle, alongside developing concentration and hand-eye co-ordination.Musical instruments can also be used to extend and bring out the babies language as they may babble along with the music or repeat certain words. This type of activity can help with emotional development as a child could feel frustrated or agitated and being able to just make sounds with instruments can calm them down as they beat in tune. â€Å"Music is the transition of sharing ones emotions of any age to any person. † Loosely translated from Japanese from an interview of One OK Rock's lead singer Morita Takahiro . This also aids their social development as they play along and bond with the practitioner or parent. Music is an easy way for parents to relate to their children. When an infant hears you sing to them, you are connecting with them, and they are connecting to you. † http://www. halilit. co. uko. uk/hal_playsound. html Playing with building blocks is another fun activity that supports babies development. Building blocks helps the 7 month old start the process of learning the pincer grip by developing its fine motor skills by picking the blocks up also aiding the gross motor skills by moving around their arms gradually getting quicker.The baby will also start to develop the skills and strength to sit unaided for longer gaining bett er balance while playing. other benefit from this activity is better hand-eye co-ordination with carefully placing the blocks on top of each other and colour recognition. The baby may babble while playing with the adult in which furthering their language skills. E5- Describe the role of the practitioner in meeting the particular needs of babies in a group care setting. The practitioners role in meeting particular needs is demonstrated and performed in different ways, for example welcoming the parents and the baby to the setting.The practitioner needs to build trust with the parents and in turn will make the baby feel more at ease seeing their parents engage with the practitioner. The practitioner will plan the daily routine to cater for individual needs of all the babies such as likes and dislikes or any special requirements for the babies such as dietary needs. â€Å"In people with coeliac disease this immune reaction is triggered by gluten†¦ † www. coeliac. org. uk/coe liac-disease The care routine will cater to the babies, physical, intellectual, social and emotional development therefore before planning the practitioner needs to assess each babies individual needs.It is also important for the key worker to give one to one attention to the baby, as they will form a bond which will make the baby feel secure. The practitioner must also keep accurate records whilst there is a high level of supervision. They must also provide a safe stimulating environment by selecting suitable resources. E6 – Show how the child protection policies and procedures in the setting protect and safeguard the babies. There are many policies and procedures that protect and safeguard babies, for example can help identify any area's the baby needs help with.These observations must also be kept secure on a password protected computer or in a locked cupboard due to the Data Protection Act 1998. Keeping these records secure is a policy that is not only backed by legislati on but is important to safeguard babies as these records have personal information on the baby and its family. This would also tie in to the settings confidentiality policy as only the practitioners involved and parents have the right to access these files. † This act is concerned with the protection of personal information. † Tassoni et al page 224 The Every Child Matters nitiative brought from the Children Act 2004 has brought in the need of a delegated Safeguarding officer which any signs of abuse on a baby would be reported to as the baby itself cannot talk nor know what is happening to them. This policy is put in place to elect the member of staff mediately to prevent or stop child abuse from taking place. Their would be a policy in place to recruit staff safely so the parents, other members of staff and babies are not harmed and feel safe. † When they first join a setting they should undergo a CRB check.It is important that all staff read the child protection policies and procedures of the setting. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 128 â€Å"adult to child ratio in rooms, the qualification levels of staff. † Tassoni. et al 2007 page 117 There would also be a policy in place of which the staff are at the correct staff to baby ration of 1:3 to ensure the babies are thoroughly looked after and to be kept safe from accidents. E7 & D1- Explain the importance of well-planned care routines and the key worker system & Consider how care routines can enhance the overall development of babies from birth to 12 monthsBabies need well planned care routines to meet their individual needs, it is important as it promotes security and stability for the baby. An example of this is a well planned feeding routine that caters to all the babies needs that will make sure they get the right type and amount of milk throughout the day and keeping with the routine from home. This routine can help the child develop in multiple ways, such as their fine motor sk ills when gripping the bottle or simply sitting in a high chair developing their posture.This will also stimulate the muscles in the mouth and around the jaw which helps with the transition to solids and also aids speech, emotionally this helps with independence and will give the baby the confidence to hold the bottle themselves to feed. The adult will be able to talk to the baby whilst sitting in front of the high chair aiding the child’s social skills. once the transition to solids take place the child may improve their senses as they are able to touch, see, taste and smell the food, aiding this is the cold spaghetti activity. The babies bathing routine, if the setting requires this, should be also planned efficiently.It is important as it requires one to one time with the adult, this helps the baby feel secure. Bathing will also help the baby emotionally as it is a good experience in which the baby can relax in the warm water and calm down alongside this adding toys into t he bath adds both fine motor and gross motor development as the baby tries to grasp the slippery toy whilst kicking their legs with joy. Social development will also improve as the adult would sing and talk to the baby, asking questions to stimulate the babies intellectual development, these questions could benefit the sensory skills such as asking the baby to â€Å"touch the red fish†.Nappy changing is another routine which must be well planned. The baby's physical development will increase as they are able to kick their legs. This will also help prevent nappy rash as they are not wearing a nappy. Intellectually they will develop as they are learning opportunities, for example when the adult asks them questions. There will be opportunities to express their emotions which will help their emotional development. This also allows them to be aware of their care routine. Socially they will develop as they have a one on one with their key person.The key person can sing to the baby which will help language development. The key person works closely with a baby to build an attachment and a close relationship with their parents. They have many responsibilities, for instance settling the baby in the setting and observing and assessing their development. Also â€Å"helping to ensure that the care of the child meets with the parents' wishes. † Tassoni. et al 2007 page 219 This can benefit the babies in early years settings as the baby will be able to feel safe and secure. This means that they may be able to have a stable development.The key person has partnership with parents, which means that the parents can trust and respect them, which will ensure the care routine is planned effectively. They can also find out the individual needs of the baby, and meet the parent's needs. C1 -Discuss the importance of an environment that is safe, reassuring and stimulating It is important for the environment to be safe as it is a government and legal requirement. This is b ecause the Childcare Act 2006 affects the â€Å"adult to child ratio in rooms, the qualification levels of staff. † Tassoni. t al 2007 page 117 These are embedded in the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum. A safe environment is also necessary to prevent babies from having accidents and coming into harm. The parents will feel reassured if they feel their baby is in a safe environment which in turn the baby will continue attending the setting. It will also help the baby's development, as they will have the opportunities to learn. If not the baby may not develop skills such as fine and gross. A reassuring environment will make the baby feel secure and settled and as a result the babies self-esteem, self-worth and confidence will grow.The babies social and emotional health will develop higher and will reassure the parents. The child will form a great attachment with the key person which will help plan around the babies for activities so that their individual needs will have been met. Having a stimulating environment is important as the baby will be able to develop a variety of skills. They will be able to increase their sensory development by having activities such as treasury baskets and water play. They will feel motivated and will want to explore different outcomes from activities.A stimulating environment can be challenging which will encourage the baby's progression and learning and promote overall development. B1 – Evaluate the role of the practitioner in promoting an inclusive approach when working with babies and their families. When working with babies and their families, practitioners should promote an inclusive approach. â€Å"To include someone means making them feel a part if what is happening. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 8 Through this the practitioner will take into consideration the baby's individual needs, for example if the baby needs more time to settle in then the practitioner should accommodate this.It is important that the practitioner practices this way as the parents will feel valued and that the needs of their child are being met, it is the practitioners job to make sure the parents wishes are being met, for inclusive practice, the practitioner needs information on how to provide such an aspect, therefore, staff can go on training courses to refresh or retrain to provide an inclusive environment. It is essential for the practitioner to be up to date with current legislation to ake sure their practice is effective, for example a new child joins the setting with a disability, you could take a course on how to provide and include the child within the setting. The practitioner can also review their policies and procedures handbook and review the inclusive policy, this ensures that the practitioner can include all babies into activities no matter what gender, race, religion or disability the child has. The united Nations Convention on the Rights of the child has many articles on inclusivity in whic h the practitioner can revise: â€Å"Article 3: The right to be protected from all forms of discrimination. Tassoni et al 2007 page 115 The practitioner can also make sure there is an inclusive approach, by using a selection of resources which promote positive images and diversity. These can include posters of children sharing and books on diverse cultures and faiths. From this, the children will learn to respect other beliefs. They must also challenge and respond to poor practice. For instance, if the practitioner observes a child who is being left out or discriminated then they should intervene and stop it. This will make sure all children are included.However this may be difficult, if the practitioner does not see it, as it may happen when the children are playing quietly. By reflecting the practitioner can make sure that every child is included. This is because they can look back on an activity and see if anyone did not participate and why they didn't. However this may be hard for the practitioner if they do not know how to reflect. This means that they should go on training courses and find out new information from peer observations. The practitioner should also use positive language and not stereotype.This will make the children feel welcome and included. However this may be difficult if the practitioner does not have respect. It is so important, that the practitioner has partnership with parents. This is because they can find out the babies individual needs, which the practitioner can take into consideration when planning activities. A -Reflect on the influence of theoretical perspectives of development and attachment on current practice in settings working with babies under 1 year of age. There are many theorists that influence the current practice of working with abies and their attachments, for example Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby who believed â€Å"Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. † www. psychology. about. com John Bowlby (1907-1990) believed that babies needed a strong, stable relationship with their primary carer, mainly being the mother. He also believed that the baby will find it hard later on in life to develop positive relationships with others if the baby doesn’t form a positive relationship with the primary carer. He found that babies cried and tried to escape when separated form the main carers, this was later branded and expanded by Ainsworth as ‘separation anxiety'.The child is distraught by the absence of their main carer and then calms and shows a more comfortable behaviour once the carer returns. This also shows the strength and type of attachment the baby shares with the primary carer. There are 3 types of attachment according to Bowlby: secure, resistant and avoident. These forms of attachment where found in Ainsworths study called the Strange Situation. This study observed the behaviour of babies between 12 and 18 months of stages where they where left alone with a stra nger or completely alone.Ainsworth found that the secure attachment type would be very distressed at the absence of the parent whereas the resistant attachment would show intense levels of distress and the avoident type would be fine, unfazed by the strangers attention or mothers absence. Ainsworth's theory influenced practice as practitioners now encourage parents to bring babies into the setting as soon as possible so that the baby can bond with its key worker and so that the baby will not be upset that its primary carer has left.The recognition of attachment has helped practice in many ways, such as the key worker being the second carer of the child while the parents work. The key worker will form a bond with the child and have better opportunities in finding out the child’s needs from the parents, some settings send the key worker out the the babies house before coming to the setting so that the child recognises the practitioner. The key worker, through developing this bo nd with baby and parents, can inform the staff of any new information that concerns the baby.This key worker gives the child a sense of security when around him/her as they have someone to go to in the future if they need anything. The key worker will bond with the child throughout the day through the routines of the setting, even nappy changing. There should also be another person that the child is quite attached to, but not the key worker. The baby will need they will need an additional person who they can feel comfortable with as they key worker may not work 5 days a week, in this case, there would be a second key worker or co-worker in which is a main part of the babies stay at nursery.The key worker is effective, because they empower the baby, as they have made a bond with them, which makes the child confident. Piaget 1896-1980 identified the different stages of development. He said that children moved through the sensory motor stage (0-2 years), pre operational stage (2-7 year s). He used the expression ‘Schema' to state a child’s thought process, † – Assimilation. – equilibrium. – disequilibrium. -accommodation. † Tassoni et al page 66 he felt that the schema would change as soon as contradicting information came in, for example: – † ‘Every day he lady in nursery is waiting for me in the room. – ‘I am in the shop but I see the lady from the nursery. what is she doing here because she is always at the nursery? ‘ – ‘the lady at nursery doesn’t stay there all the time. ‘ . † Tassoni et al page 66 During the sensory motor stage he said â€Å"The child develops physical schemas as he/she gains control of his/her movements. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 67 Throughout the pre-operational stage the â€Å"Children begin to use symbols to stand for things, for example a piece of dough represents a cake. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 67 Bruner a lso observes that the process of constructing knowledge of the world is not done in isolation but rather within a social context. † Meggit 2006 page 56 He argued that children should need things such as books and interest tables. He is known for ‘scaffolding' which is when adults help the children's development in a way that best suits the child. * Bruce. T, Meggit C (1999) Child care and education 2nd edition , London , Hodder and Stoughton * Meggit. C (2006) Child development , An illustrated guide , Heinemann, London * Tassoni. P (2007) Child care and education 4th edition , London, Heinemann

Book Report On The Book Honey What Do You Want For...

Call to adventure it was a beautiful morning in the Dean s house hold â€Å"Honey what do you want for breakfast† said mrs. Dean Mr. Gibbons was busy getting dressed upstairs as fast as he possibly can because he was late for work â€Å" eggs and bacon like always.† said mr. Dean while brushing his teeth â€Å" ok hon†¦.† then there was a loud crash mr. Dean ran down the stairs to see what was going on and when he got down there all he saw was his wife getting taken away by a giant monster. The monster was covered in hair head to foot like a sasquatch , it looked back at mr. Dean with its beaming red eyes and huge sharp teeth and tried to scratch him before running away through the hole in the wall that the monster made. â€Å" help me kevin help me†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Initiation stage Road of trials (1-3) he found out that his first friend steph curry is now in the nba on the nba warriors and is really good at basketball. Back when i was friends with him he was the sharp shooter he knew how to hit almost anything you ask him to hit and that would come in handy for taking down anthony johnson silently. Since it was mr. dean s wife he didn t care about money he just wanted to get to california fast. So he paid 100000$ for one ticket on the bullet train prototype the ride would only take 30 minutes. Just remember that this is your wife you re talking about kevin it is worth it, when mr. Dean arrived in California he followed some signs he saw to get to the stadium where he thinks steph curry plays. When he gets there he has to pay to get in and he pays for the top row. He sees his friend steph curry playing Think Kevin think how am i supposed to get him out of the game. with all these people here. I know i can throw ice on the court so he trips and temporarily gets out of the game and then i will pick him up and tell him about the situation. 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Corporate Governance Post-Economic Collapse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3115 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Corporate Governance Business Imposition of strict corporate governance and disclosure requirements is an unnecessary burden on business, they reduce competitive advantage of business, and they add extra cost to the society.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Critically evaluate this statement in light of the recent spectacular corporate collapses around the globe. Your answer should provide arguments for and against this statement, and a judgement at the end. Introduction Recent corporate collapses, such as Enron and WorldCom in United States and HIH Insurance in Australia, raised an alarm for accounting standard setting bodies in all over the world and have brought the issue of corporate governance to the forefront. The regulators and other standard setting bodies took this issue seriously and promptly responded to the situation with number of new and important rules, regulations, codes of conduct and suggested best practices. The basic purpose of these initiatives was to ensure that those responsible for governance of an organization must comply as per the expectations of stakeholders and they must act in a way to provide credibility and transparency in corporate financial reporting. According to Gillan and Martin (2007) the worldwide failure of giant corporations arose within a system of corporate governance, both internal and external to the firm and they found that the basic cause of failure was corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s incapability of controlling its management. Australia also adopted a number of initiatives which include corporate code of ethics, CLERP 9 Act and ASX principles and guidelines on the issue of corporate governance and other disclosure requirements as implemented by ASIC and ASX. More recently, an important report published by the professional accountants in business committee (PAIB) of International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) explores the corporate governance in wide perspective and propose that an entire accountability framework is required for keeping a good balance between corporate governance measures and initiatives for sustainable firm value. The assignment is divided into three parts. First part describes the importance of corporate governance in the global business and investigates the need of corporate governance so that ethics of business should not be ignored because it can have long lasting impacts. The argument is given to prove that after the major scandals in the corpora te world, why there is a need to establish ethical standards and regulations. For any multi-national corporation it is very crucial to consider the impact of its business on individuals as well as on society. Second part of the assignment discusses the costly behavior of corporate governance and disclosure in which is a burden on the business and effects competitive advantage at large. Third part is the conclusion which summarizes the whole essay according to the required topic. Now if we go into deep in this issue we see that corporations control and manage a large part of the resources and raw materials of this planet and are dominating the economic world. But simultaneously these companies have abused their positions in some way or the other Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Governance Post-Economic Collapse" essay for you Create order What is Corporate Governance? The concept of corporate governance came into circulation from last thirty years and now the term is truly international. Now there is a growing realization that good corporate governance can not only help in avoiding problems but also provide many other advantages such as facilitating capital investment and minimizing risk. Corporate governance in very simple terms is the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled (Cowan, 2004). A good corporate governance system ensures that the corporation sets appropriate objectives and then arranges systems and structure in place to ensure that these objectives are met, and also provides the means for others, both within and outside of the corporation, to control and monitor the activities of the corporation and its managers. Enron was unable to demonstrate and practice good corporate governance practices therefore it paid its price. Enron provided misleading information to avoid consequences and failed to inform s hareholders and investors o the true level of debt With the increasing globalization of business and competition for capital, it can be said that companies which can provide assurance of being appropriately managed can gain competitive edge. Reducing perceived risks to investors can minimize the cost of capital. On the other hand poor corporate governance also risks a loss of confidence in the position of the accounting profession itself. Developing countries are paying more importance in strengthening transparent corporate governance and accounting system because investors and consumers demand fair business and return. And if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t follow these criteria they will not gain competitive advantage. World class organizations such as Cadbury and Vienot have issued new guidelines which highlights the need of sound corporate governance such as audit committees, internal structure and management control.(antidote to corruption) Role of accounting in an integral p art of any corporate governance structure because accounting provides the means for audience to analyses and monitor the organization and to asses how well the management has performed. A strong disclosure regime that promotes real transparency and ethical corporate governance is a key feature of successful multinational organizations (OCED 2004 ). Good corporate governance is a global business necessity Therefore it can be said that corporate governance involves ensuring that the decisions made by those managing the corporation are appropriate and providing a means to monitor corporate activities and the decision making itself. Drever et al says that solution is for firms or corporations to be formed to produce and provide goods and services efficiently. The healthy corporate governance framework ensures that timely and accurate disclosure of financial situation and performance is the outcome of the company. The challenge for corporate governance is to balance the interest of investors and the firm at the same time because corporate governance has to set priorities, delegate power and control and maintaining accountability and disclosure. The organizations which focus reports issues such as how the firm is integrating sustainability into business will develop new ways for integrating stakeholders. According to OCED 1999, good corporate governance helps to ensure that corp orations take into account the interests of a wide range of constituencies, as well as of the communities in which they operate, and that their boards are accountable to the company and to the shareholders. This is turn, helps to assure that organizations operate for the benefit of society as a whole. It helps to maintain the confidence of investors- both domestic and foreign- and to attract more patient long term capital. The need for corporate governance: Transparency vaccine Now the point is why companies adopt corporate governance in their regulations? Corporate world history has a long list of frauds and scandals. In the beginning the term corporate governance was used as a mechanism for reducing errors but now the potential strength of corporate governance has widen its area. Some instances of corporate crime: Book Robert monk Alleco: Mr. Morton M. Lapides was convicted and jailed of a price fixing scheme which caused record- braking penalties. The judge said that Alleco is tied with maximum illegal activity and needs a proper systematic corporate governance regime. General Electric: In 1992, was charged with false billing with federal government for military sales to Israel during 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employees did conspiracy with an Israeli air division to divert money into their pocket. Later, GE paid $ 69 million fines and lost its reputation and trust in the market. Gitano Group: In December 1993, company was pleaded guilty to the charges that they had sought to circumvent customs duties on imported clothes. Wal-Mart then the largest customer of Gitano ceased to do business with it unless the company follows strict ethical standards and regulation. A.H Robins: The Company marketed an intra-uterine contraceptive device called Dalkon shield, despite the fact that it had more than 500 unfavorable reports from doctors and physicians. In 1985, the device was ultimately recalled after the death of 17 wo men and was found guilty and paid $2.4 billion trust fund to compensate for the act. Few most extremes examples of the negligence of corporate governance were of De Lorean Car Plant in North Ireland- which involved defrauding the government. Blue Arrow scandal UK was the outcome of manipulating and twisting the DTI (department of trade industry) rules and regulations. The recent fraud by Cendant was the result of disclosing and misleading excessive profit and assets. Therefore, corporate governance rules, regulations, disclosures and prescriptions are needed by the corporations because of the structure of the company. Investors who have provided the resources to the firm in some way or the other do not directly run the company business. These contributors need to rely on managers and organization. This division between capital contributor and management is the root cause of many issues and crisis relating to corporate governance. Hayek argues that companies cannot afford to i gnore the needs of stakeholders. It is always permissible, even required for management to consider the interest of all stakeholders. Gibson (2000) insists that corporations use codes and conduct to help create a competitive advantage for the corporation. This increases their already existing reputation within the global market. Lenox and Nash, (2003) says that rules and regulations are invented to provide information about the organization with the hope these promises will be rewarded by consumers in some way or the other and ultimately improve the bond between the two. Findings of Chang et al (2000) say that the Asian Financial crisis in 1997 had global implications and raised the need of reform issues including corporate governance. The sudden collapse of South Asian tiger like Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, and Indonesia highlighted the fact that there is no efficient corporate governance which looks after the financial sector. Companies not only compete with each other fi rms within their country, but with firms from around the world. The need for corporate governance arises when financial capital moves across internationally and it becomes necessary to ensure that the organization is not only managed according to rules and regulations but also has a good corporate management. Considerable Evidence against Harris Scarf and One.Tel depicts that government rules and practices in those firms where poor and also they lacked accountability (Bosch 2002). Altogether it can be said that there is a need for corporate governance because it enriches the wealth and performance of a firm. Keeping in mind the future success, giant firms such as Starbucks and The Body Shop have includes in-store flyers to summarize important sections of the sustainability report, HP has made effort and also included flyers in its printer cartridges to educate and inform customers. Similarly BP has also experimented with advertising on television to educate consumers as to the real energy competition. Organizations must balance many competing equations- long and short term notions of gain, cash and accounting concepts. As a result of corporate governance failures in the global market of USA and UK which resulted mainly due to lack of leadership and mismanagement gave birth to the need of forward thinking. The foundation of these codes and conduct is disclosure. Transparency is the one and only criterion a firm should rely upon. Disclosure and accountability are the two watch words of the corporate governance on which long term systems are built. Therefore, the need arises as how the corporations are governed- their ownership and control, the objectives they pursue, the rights they respect, the responsibilities they recognize, and how they distribute the value they create à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" has become a matter of greater significance, not simply or their directors and share holders, but also for the wider communities that serve. Moore et al gi ves the example of three firms, Dofasco, Novo Nordisk and Roche who have integrated their sustainability report into their annual report. By this, they are focusing financial analysts and shareholders as their main audience. This major alignment will help the firm more effectively and efficiently to create value for their investors. Disclosing transparently allows companies to be more easily scrutinized and to engage in more straight forward and robust discussion on the challenges they are facing with their critics. Disclosure brings many competitive advantages such as leadership, a positive boost to its image, a potential growth in sector collaboration and an opportunity to build faith with key shareholders. An Unnecessary burden- whose interest should corporations serves? There is an ongoing debate that implementing corporative governance rules and regulations is necessary for an organizations success or not? Corporate governance has a varying meaning and ever changing rules. T herefore corporate governance must not have the privilege to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one size fits allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ approach. Rather, good governance automatically develops with in a corporation by setting down voluntary rules and standards which best fits according to their circumstances and demand. Justice owen reported that the key to success and growth of corporate governance lies in substance not form. It depends on how the directors and managers of a firm create a structure to fit the situation of the firm and then test it periodically for its practical efficiency. Report of HIH Royal Commission argues that it is not always necessary that those who have good governance structure will perform better than other or be immune from failure. Risks are always present in business and it should be taken a stepping stone for the organization as risks are taken for new market capture or reward. There is no single set of rules which can prevent mistakes or cover companies and their inve stors from the consequences of failure. There is also an argument which says that companies should not be burdened with compliance costs. This causes in losing competitive edge of an organization. It becomes a very costly process for the management of a firm to combine legal, financial and economic logic There is an ongoing debate that there is no universal formula for good corporate governance. Companies vary in their size, complexity, ownership etc that what is ideal for one in some circumstances may be inappropriate in others. Moreover, as companies change and increase their market size, they need to adapt their changed strategies. Tried and proven corporate governance structure can help to improve their ability to attract capital and trust but at the same time it is not necessary every time when the company grows. As accounting information is a crucial element of any corporate governance, it has two key roles: to guide and control actions along with decisions, and to infor m shareholders and other stakeholders. It is very important that information should be correct, unbiased, and appropriate. Despite prescribed nature, it can only be achieved through the ethical behavior of management. The problem is that, whether using ethical principles and standards, disclosures can still result in be incomplete and misleading due to many reasons. Cornford 2004, argues that common assumption is that if individuals are rational, they will do their best to maximize their interest, rather than principles. Ethical principles are also rational; they will expect the management not always to act in the benefit of shareholders and investors. Hideki says that it is true that corporate governance and disclosure enhances transparency but at the same time it has its own cost which management has to pay. The burden of this cost is on the organization which is required to make disclosure and thus on the national economic sector. At the same time, it becomes very hard to t ake the full advantage of disclosure without making a comprehensive disclosure regime inside the firm which includes all the auditing and accounting staff to be faithful and loyal. Findings of Porata et al say that Disclosure has its own inevitable problems. He says that disclosure is done on the quarterly basis in U.S and twice in one year in Japan. According to him, this periodic disclosure has two drawbacks. First, there is a time difference between the date when disclosure and financial statements are prepared and when they are actually disclosed. There is an unnecessary burden on the company to update the information before coming into public. Therefore the value of any disclosure should be compared with its enforcement cost. From- (https://www.orac.gov.au/run_close_corporation/good_corp/default.aspx) Size of the organization has a huge impact on the practices of corporate governance. In small firm with less investment and few liquid assets, informal way of practices can perform well. Medium to large size organizations need to formalize their ethical standards for their survival and competitive advantage. Also, small firm should not be overburdened with unnecessary standards and red tape. The most tedious issue in any corporate governance system is how to make corporate world accountable to the other contributors and shareholders of the firm whose investment are utmost risk and danger. Unquestionably, the biggest challenge a firm faces is not failure but a success. If we look at the giant firms of 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s such as Xerox, Kodak, General Motors, Sears, and meltdowns in last thirty years, it can be concluded that when company is is failing, it is ready to try anything to save its position. At this stage, it really becomes a hard job to decide what to disclose and what not to disclose. Globalization has raised an important issue in corporate governance and disclosing that whether there is any particular universal model of ethical st andard and regulation which can assure success and competitive advantage. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that high ethical standard and regulations of corporate governance and disclosure by any organization can bring wonders in the business world. Nevertheless, transparency and fairness are the tools to efficient corporate governance today in any country. For any company to be transparent it is necessary to pay attention to disclosure, accounting and audit. All these functional conditions are inter-dependent on each other. The essay highlights many examples of the companies which prove that it is cheaper to disclose negative information than to suppress it and face long term penalty. References 1.Lenox, M. and Nash, J. (2003) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Industry Self-Regulation and Adverse Selection: A Comparison Across Four Trade Association Programsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Business Strategy and the Environment, 12: 343-356. 2.Gibson, R. (2000) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Encouraging Voluntary Initiatives for Corporate Greening: Some Considerations for More Systematic Design of Supporting Frameworks at the National and Global Levelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Voluntary Initiatives Workshop, United Nations Environment Programme, [www document] www.uneptie.org/outreach/vi/reports/encouraging_voluntary_initiati ves.pdf. (accessed November 7, 2003). 3.OCED (2004) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, Paris : OCED 4. Chang,J.,Khanna,T., and Palepu K.G. (2000) Analysts activity around the world. Harward business school, working paper. 5. Henry Bosch 2002, the changing face of corporate governance 2002, 25 university nof new south wales law jaournal. 6. Owen report, above n 3 para 6.6 7. Kanda, Hideki. 2000. Legal and Regulatory Reforms for Effective Corporate Governance. draft. 8. La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W Vishny. 2000. Investor Protection and Corporate Governance. draft. 9. The next stage for corporate disclosure Philippa Moore. Corporate Responsibility Management. London: Feb/Mar 2006. Vol. 2, Iss. 4; pg. 30, 4 pgs